Still, effective diversity does not automatically result from adding under-represented groups to boards. Any board where a dominant number of directors carry a common perspective can quite innocently hinder the full impact of the contributions of the non-dominant directors, especially if that perspective is deeply ingrained and at least partially unconscious, such as with gender and racial stereotypes. Fortunately, there are tried and true methods to correct this unconscious bias.

Second: How You Treat People Makes A Difference 

Great boards have (i) a culture of respect and civility, and (ii) great process. These two factors are the most powerful corrective agent to address the dominant/non-dominant dysfunction that can creep into boards. 

Civility and respect allow everyone to contribute without paying a price for speaking up.  In unconscious boardrooms without a ground rule of respect, the members of the dominant group can easily talk over the non-dominants, subtly dismiss the contributions of the non-dominants, and provide unhelpful bias confirmation among the dominant directors that precludes consideration of novel or alternative paths. Putting this issue on the table in the boardroom, having a thoughtful discussion, and adopting the civility standard as a board, can be transformative (although admittedly it is hard to do without a strong and open-minded board leader — my third point, below). 

Excellent process reinforces a culture of civility and inclusion. These attributes flourish through simple strategies. For example, a board process where no major decision is taken without going around the room and asking each board member for their authentic view of the right outcome can shed light on under-considered issues, build bridges between directors, and ultimately lead to a better decision.  A practice of board leadership recapping key points, acknowledging new insights, and thanking board members for speaking up can be electrifying in boards where non-dominants have been struggling to be heard.

Another simple, albeit time consuming, approach is to have the CEO and the Board Chair make individual calls to all directors before each board meeting to sincerely ask what is on the member’s mind.  Some boards make calls that are basically a transmission from leadership to the troops.  Instead, making the calls a sincere two-way street opens up the opportunity to get early warnings and issues on the table.

Great boards have the courage to talk openly in the boardroom about their dynamics, strengths and weakness-es.  Every board can improve, and it is not enough to sit around congratulating our-selves on our wonderful board.  It may be 80% wonderful but asking “where can the board be better?” is healthy and valuable.

Third: So Much Depends on Leadership

Boards rise and fall with the quality of board leadership. A great board chair or lead director is a humble servant-leader who is motivated by team success, has excellent listening and facilitation skills, and can gently lead a board in conflict to a sensible place. Leaders of this stripe are very attuned to the benefit of supporting full and authentic participation and can model civility and lead excellent process-es to make sure the board is focused on its contribution to the company. When the CEO is not a natural servant-leader, it is particularly critical that the Board Chair or Lead Director have this skill.  We have all seen too many CEO-led disasters where the question afterwards is “Where was the board?”. Usually the board was lulled or intimidated into going along. 

Ultimately, it is the board that is sitting at the top of the company. Our job is to keep everything on the rails and optimize the ability for everybody to contribute. From my vantage point, boards that are most successful at doing this job embody these three ideals: (i) diversity; (ii) a culture of respect and civility plus great process; and (iii) high quality board leadership. As a result, they enjoy the healthy board dynamics that are a prerequisite for authentic communication in the board-room and for shepherding an organization through whatever comes its way.

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Mary Cranston is the former Chair and CEO of global law firm Pillsbury LLP. She has been a director of seven public companies and currently sits on the boards of VISA, Chemours, MyoKardia, CSAA Insurance, and Boardspan.